Self Esteem Interventions for Adolescents

egotism Esteem Interventions for AdolescentsCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONYou cannot admirer men permanently by doing for themwhat they could should do for themselvesAbraham LincolnAdolescence is retrieved from Latin word adolescere which nub to grow up. Total of 1.2 billion teens pass across the percent era stopover between childhood and the adulthood around the world. Knowledge and Proficiency captured by youngrs have valuable implications for their step-up. (Mary.C.Townsend,2010)Age convocation of teenagers is defined by many another(prenominal) programmes. accord to WHO, adolescence is defined as the period in human growth and development that perishs after childhood and before adulthood from the hop ons of 10 to19. According to Erik Eriksons stages of human development, an insubstantials age free radical between 13-19 days, Draft Youth Policy defined as the age group between 13-19 years ICDS programme considered the age group of jejune is 11-18 years Internationally , the age group of adolescent is 10-19 years. (Carol, Bf,2000)UNICEF categorizes adolescence period in three take aims premature adolescents (10-13 years of age), middle adolescents(14-16), late adolescents (17-19). It is a hassle period packed with major variations in fleshly growth, hinge uponuality, cognitions, emotions and relate with others. It is a period of unearthing of ego and relate to the world around the one-on-one. (Stanton, B.F)The sudden and rapid physical changes that occur to make adolescents to aw ar of one(a) egotism, very sensitive and concern almost their luggage compartment changes. It makes the adolescent to feel inferior while compargond with others. It ca go fors the adolescents have Self hatredness and ban contacts to the highest degree themselves. The alternative component for self-importance-importance-importance-importance hatredness is self reliance or self mean. (Nangle, D.W,1993)Adolescents mental well cosmos self attentiveness can be interpreted as indicators of adaptive electropositive emotion is need for continuous developmental process in their behavior. Self Concept, Self Identity, Self Esteem self-assertingness are important developmental tasks for adolescents these are colligate to successful emotional regulation absence of mental distress. If these indicators are diminished among adolescents means it will end up with psychological problems like depression, suicide, alcohol drug abuse. ( Zaff, et al., 2007).Self esteem is the confidence in ones own worth or abilities and self confidence is a intuitive feeling of trust in their abilities. Appropriate aim of egotism insists the individual to feel honourable, enjoying their efforts and independently designate their desires (NASE, 2010). But self esteem changes can occur periodically. Self esteem level is declined at the age of 8-10 yrs. Self-esteem embraces the persons beliefs and emotions much(prenominal) as triumph, pride shame. It refers to the extremity to which an individual value themselves and has long been identified as an important prognosticator of adjustment to stress (Lauren,2012).There are many reason adolescents baron have low self-esteem such as doing poorly at school, problems with parents or friends emotional changes. It can lead a adolescents to engage in reckless activities and antisocial behaviours including Drug Abuse, Eating Disorder , Depression, Conduct Disorder, antagonism Suicide. deplorable-self-esteem is in any case associated with feelings of being shy, worthlessness, inept, futile, fragile and defective in nature. So they are affected by negative attitude and decline to recognize their potential, vexation about rebuke and take compliments negatively and are aquaphobic to take up their own responsibilities and fear of extracting their own opinion. (Coopersmith.S, 2005)(Gibby and Gibby, 1967) shows that the adolescents have the feeling of worthless means, it can end up with depr essing features and depression slackly inhibits the scholarly persons academic performance. As stated by Deborah L. Downs (1999) quite a slight who feel worthy, able and competent are more(prenominal) likely to come across their goals than those who feel worthless, impotent and incompetent. It also reveals that academic gain increases the level of self-esteem among adolescents. So the students level of self esteem will enkindle successful academic strivement. Similarly, poor academic performance will decline the adolescents self-esteem.So many problems are common among adolescents period. Many interventions are used to improve the adolescents well being self esteem. One of the intervention is bumptiousness training. Assertiveness is an exponent to express openly and directly, Judging their feelings and pinpointing their strengths and weakness give respect to self and others.Assertiveness comprises a multilateral aspects of human expression including behaviour, cognition , and affect. Behaviourally assertive persons are able to express their emotions, foster their goal and built favourable inter personalized relationships aptly time lag with both positive and negative emotional feelings. (Richard,F.R, 2008)Assertiveness Skill consists of ability to perform compatible and positive behaviour, make people to deal more efficiently with regular needs and tasks. The above skills contribute to development of adolescents mental health as well as physical health when encounter with realities of life and empowering them to perform beneficial activities for protecting self. (Fodor,I.G.1992)Assertiveness Skills include Assertive communication, interpersonal skill, self-conscious, emotional stability and coping skills. It is a solution for socio-psychological problems in a community like substance abuse, internal and social violence, child abuse, and suicide. It equips the individual to manage anger, aggressiveness, disappointment and step to transport to a chieve their personal goals without damage to others right. (Feti et al, 2006)Assertiveness training is intended to swear out the individual to change their self image, improve individuals assertive behaviour , convey the individuals appropriate emotions and to build self- confidence. The use of this training is to enhance adolescents self concept, lowered penance and alter self esteem. Positive consequences of this training among students are to increase self- possession, indecorum and rationality especially in the areas of personal and psychological health as well as sociable behaviours. (Jayne, et al 1983)Assertiveness training programmes are designed to increase an individuals assertive behaviour and self esteem. It helps an individual to restrict their negative view of oneself and also consecrate their self confidence. It is not a restorative practice, even though it aids to teach an individual on how to assert themselves despite the coercion and burden exist from the worl d. ( Stack,C Deville,J. 1983)Taylor et al., (2002) have explored that interconnectedness between assertiveness, self esteem and mental health among adolescence and have establish certain factors which impact assertive behaviour and self esteem. The factors are culture, self-esteem, psychological distress , depression, risk behaviour and gender. It also reveals that boys are having increased level of self esteem, assertiveness independency when compared to girls.NEED FOR STUDYThe world nation trends 2012 reveals that worlds adolescent population is 7.06 billion. India has the largest population of adolescents around the world. occurrent PopulationofIndiain 2012 is estimated to be 1.22 billion. Out of which 243 million individuals are in the age group of 10-19 years (UNICEF, 2012). Children may undergone decline in self esteem during teenage period which is a searing transition period for adolescents. Self esteem level is declined at the age of 8-10 yrs. Girls experience this decl ine in the age of group 12yrs whereas in teen boys, the decline of self esteem ordinarily embark on the age of 14. Adolescents with high self-esteem consider themselves as desirable and equal to other peers. Those who have low level of self esteem persistently experiences self-rejection, self-dissatisfaction and loathing for oneself. (Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, 2007)International diary of Research Development of Health estimated about the common adolescent problems related to low self esteem. It describes as followsEDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS Fear and concern about future career 85.6%Lack of concentration 46.7%Not getting superb marks 24.2%Parents are interpreted in career choice 23.4%psychological PROBLEMS Anxiety 44.3%Depression 26.4%Excess concern about physical carriage/IQ19.3%Day dreaming 23.2%Suicidal thoughts 10.3%National Report on secern of Self-Esteem, explained that low self-esteem is a major impact on adolescents life it invades every aspect of humans life including se lf image, performance in school and establish rapport with friends and family members. 75% of teen girls with low level of self-esteem narrated that they are engaged in negative activities such as intimidation, smoking, or alcohol abuse when feeling negative view about themselves. 25% of young girls with low level of self esteem engaged in risky behaviour such as injuring themselves , bullying and disordered eating.Most of the research studies proved that thither is a significant increase (72%) of body dysmorphia disorder among teenage boys. dead body Dysmorphic Disorder is a psychological problem, in which the affected individual is too worried about their physical structure. Adolescent boys may prone to over exercising, binge eating, eating disorder (anorexia nervosa bulimia) and drug abuse. It is described that about 45% of adolescents in western countries are unhappy with their physical structure. (Webster,H.M,1999)Covington (1989) reported that adolescent girls self-esteem i s lower than that of boys, and adolescence has been identified as a problematic period for low self-esteem also he cerebrate that there is a positive relationship exist between self esteem achievement score. Low self-esteem can be improved through many substances and that instruction can lead to bring out academic achievement. So adolescents efficiency to achieve personal goals have been found to have a major influencing factor on academic achievement.Low self-esteem can be a first endangering factor in psychological and emotional health problems such as suicide, depression, substance abuse, violent behaviour inappropriate social behaviours include arguing, defiant, or being brutal to others and being stubborn or irritable. One of the master(prenominal) factor in teen promiscuity is self-esteem. ( Beverley,K.M Donna,R.W , 1996 )When a adolescent has little or no self-confidence means the adolescents may use sex as a complimenting factor to improve their self confidence. Arou nd one million adolescent girls become pregnant per year throughout the world. Low self-esteem is a precursor to involve in premarital internal relationships its sensible for youngsters pregnancy. It concluded that self-esteem decreases, attitude towards sex become more permissive. These above mentioned factors may be a alternative indicators of low level of self esteem, meanwhile they represent upset emotional and mental health. (Chris,H.2010)So Adolescent period is a critical period to have low self esteem negative emotions about themselves. There are so many interventions were formulated to increase self esteem among adolescents. Assertiveness training is one of the skill to modify self hatredness , negative emotions low self esteem. (Michel, F.2008)Assertiveness training assists the individual to achieve fulfilment without exploit the rights of others. As a result, it is more convenient to help the students to enroll assertive behaviour and also it helps the students to fac e problems or criticism during their life. Assertiveness is a tool for expressing their opinion confidently and a way of saying yes or no in a pertinent way. An assertive individual impacts, pay attention, confers and express their opinion, willingness and desires without violating the rights of others.( Erogul, C.R, 2009)Assertiveness training can be an effective part of treatment for many conditions, such as Depression, hearty Phobia, Stress, Violent behavior and Substance Abuse. Assertiveness training can also improve the persons interpersonal skills and increased sense of self-respect. It is conceptualized as a highly structured behavioural component that promote the reversal of inhibiting behaviour with socially appropriate, expressive, and outgoing behaviour. The basic assumption is that every adolescent crews their basic human rights and the aim of the assertiveness training is to instruct the individual to raise up for their rights without encroaching the rights of others. (Power,F.C.2009)It helps the adolescents to,Formulate guidelines for improving assertive behavior. mitigate awareness about their emotional feelings to other peoples behavior. have direction to handle the aggressive behavior.Increase an efficiency to get their point across effectively whilst improve an understanding of others feelings. ( Cambell,N.2006 )The student researcher personally experienced many adolescent girls and boys having problems of low self esteem during her Life Skill Training Programme. For this reason, the student researcher conducts this postulate among adolescents and implements assertiveness training for improving their assertive behavior and level of self esteem