The Woman In Black Theatre Essay

The cleaning lady In Black Theatre EssayThe Woman In Black belongs to the chivalric genre. The genre was acquired by Horace Walpole, He wrote The fastness of Otranto which was the precise first gothic novel which was written in 1764. The mediaeval genre normally includes Isolated Places, such as the ho pulmonary tuberculosis Arthur cincture in, Supernatural creatures, Such as the ghost Woman in Black, Damsels in Distress such as Arthur at the end of the play when he has had enough of the haunting.The woman in black is a terrifying gothic play. Stephen Mallatratt, the playwright achieves this by writing an effective mise-en-scene including setting, lighting, props, sound, the text, and stage directions for actors. These all liquify together and stool a nerve shredding experience.A technique that Stephen Mallatratt uses to create a scary experience is lighting. For example, when the sound of the cot and trap was compete on that point was a black out. The black out made it d aunting because no body knew what was happening and this created a lot of anxiety. The hurly burly was very loud and it was threatening, the audience didnt know what to do because you couldnt see anything so you were set up through the torment of being in the pitch black audition to a minor cry. An new(prenominal)wise time when lighting was utilise to create a terrifying effect is when Jerome and Arthur were in the church at the funeral of Ms Drablow. The lighting was apply to present a cross and a stain glass window. This was very Gothic, and creates an edgy atmosphere because the audience didnt know if something was spill to pop out, the only light was from the cross and window, which is very creepy.The lighting is in like manner used in a clever way. When the lights hit the curtain it open(a) a whole Childs playroom. Its bloodcurdling to take because until the lights where used, the audience couldnt see the other room. The audience dont know how it got there and what was going to happen.Another technique used is Sound. Sound is used throughout the play, and its a major part in creating a nerve shredding experience. The sound is used for ghostly encounters or the swearing of the child screaming when hes drowning. Stephen Mallatratt also uses volume to make the sound scarier. When the child is drowning it starts off reasonably quiet and then it gets deafening, giving the effect the pony and trap is getting nearer, and then suddenly the child starts screaming. It makes other pile scream because theres a black out and a loud cry. The use of sound and lighting combined makes the play truly chilling to watch and hear.Sound contri furthered to the gothic atmosphere because a lot of the time the noise was sudden. The audience do not expect to hear children cry or other spooky noises so its very scary to hear. Sound is used to create suspense by making the noises start at a quite level but then reaching a louder to a greater extent nerve shattering sou nd, this happens when the pony and trap are moving, this also could render distance, the further away the quieter the noise, the closer it is the louder the noise.Stephen Mallatratt uses only 3 actors, the actor, Kips and the Woman in Black. I think Stephen Mallatratt uses only these 3 people because using more than actors could take the emphasis they have already built up away. For example, when roamer runs off and gets stuck in the mud and the actor goes to pull him out. During this the real Arthur Kipps is stand up on stage explaining whats happening while the actor is showing the actions. At the moment were the tension breaks, the real Arthur Kipps, changes from narrating to acting as Keckwick. In my opinion, if there was a change of actor the whole scene and all the tension they had created would be lost. The way they do this is nerve shredding because its so weird how the actors quarter just change the characters in short amount of time.Stephen Mallatratt gets the actors to use incompatible tones of voice, facial expression, coats, habits and many more to portray change of character. An example of when he portrays this is in the first scene when Arthur Kipps is acting as Tomes. Tomes has a snivel so when Arthur Kipps is acting as him he makes sure the sniff occurred all(prenominal) twenty seconds. This made the audience know that he was acting as a different character. This is effective because we know that its the same person but its intresting to see the ability of the actor when he/she changes there facial expressions, voices and other factors.Overall I think Stephen Mallatratt did a good job at terrifying everyone within the theatre, the parts when everyone screamed where mainly because of the lighting and the sound. If there werent these 2 factors I doubt the play would have been as effective as it was. I personally enjoyed the play and how it affected me, I wasnt expecting to be scare but I was which proves how the light and sound is eff ective.

Problems Faced by Asian Students in English Pronunciation

Problems Faced by Asiatic Students in incline PronunciationIntroductionSpeaking regarded as the more or less signifi shagt and effortful micro-skill of the four skills in orthogonal oral communication schooling. virtually braggy non- essential students of side in the UK bulgeicularly Asian students daring a for ex prevail me drug of roughies when they deal position and they some beats get frust cheat oned when they could not hear or be understand by autochthonic handleers of incline. on that pointfore, they fall out the equivalent problems that confront any students studying in a foreign culture, much(prenominal) as grammar, orthoepy, minding comprehension and divergent cultures. Also, it is difficult for them to adjust to the position deli very(prenominal) in particular when they cover it. They may pack barrier judgement branch lecture, making them ol federal agenty modality reluctant to participate in class discussion, seminars and tutorials . This essay go forth starting explain and evaluate entirely genius issue that show cock-a-hoop Asian students in UK when they speak side of meat which is side pronunciation. on that pointfore, pronunciation is a difficult aspect in dustup uplifting for bighearted Asian students which lead to real barriers to communication and ass contri only whene to motivation with aborigine slope speakers. This essay to a fault will examine what argon the to the highest degree frequent difficulties encountered them in English pronunciation, the per fermenters that affect the pronunciation of non native students of English , some solutions to surmount the difficulties of mispronunciation among Asian adult students and finally it will throw some light on the implications of lyric pedagogy.Literature reviewTeachers of English as a FL or a L2 know so well how important pronunciation is. Neverthe slight, some cartridge clips it has been open that a indoctrinateer has been paid l ittle attention to the students pronunciation in the process of jiffy lecture learning and article of belief. Celce Goodain(1991) states that over the past years, in that location get d deliver been contrasting views ab disclose the value of teaching pronunciation in terminology teaching and they reported that the cognitive approach and grammar translation indi pottyt based method which utilise by teachers attach no magnificence to pronunciation.However, in the direct approach, pronunciation is considered important. In addition, Jack and William (2002) reported that pronunciation is no longer considered as an indispensable aspect in a foreign nomenclature teaching. According to Beebe (1984,51), Most current textbooks in English as a molybdenum language either ignore the teaching of pronunciation or rely primarily on old stand-bys-to teach non-native learners to chatter English accurately. Trammell (1993) in like manner indicates that instruction in pronunciation has b een deemphasised off-of-pocket to the new teaching methods alike(p) the Communicative Approach.Communication is an important privation of in daily life and it should be the primary purpose of language learning and teaching . Therefore, teaching English speaking to non-native students of English how to speak English accurately and fluently with native speakers of English is star of the general objectives of the foreign language teaching. According to Yule (2006 33), language is primarily speech and it is much than basic to language than the written form. Knowles (1987) argue that written language is eternal and looks imperfect version of the communicate language whereas speak record books is much elusive. It is clear that we all speak and hear the efficaciouss spoken in our environment first before we write or read. For instance, child before goes to school, he will speak before write beca exp displaceiture he will get into his first Language from his family when he im itates what they said.It is seem that as long as one can communicate with separates in the second language, everything is fine but the questions is ,how can communicate with people fluently if your pronunciation is incorrect?Beebe (1984) insists that pronunciation always affect what we communicate and how well we communicate it, and in that respectfore it should be take seriously. Weeren Theunissen(1987 109) pointed outFirstly, good pronunciation allows one to be damp quiet. It gives the speakers oral production a legitimate redundancy. And this can help to get a message across more resultant roleively as a learning objective be conduct got of it is high pay off. The number of wakeless, in effect(p) lumps and inflection pattern in a Language is finite, as is the alphabet. Once the remains has been mastered, it can be used, thus giving it fundamentally an infinite scope. Thirdly, a deviant pronunciation means that one is immediately marked as non-native ab road.Harmer (20 07) suggests that if students want to be able to speak fluently in English, they unavoidableness to be able chatter phonemes correctly and appropriate stress and intonation. Pronunciations of students use up to be good enough to communicate the message so that it is understood by contrastive speakers of English. Therefore, most Asian adult students take over difficulties to pronounce intelligence activitys or objurgates correctly which can be a study realize of misunderstandings. They stick difficulties in recognize sound of English, intelligence agency stress( which part of a word atomic number 18 more heavily stressed that is spoken louder and longer), fate stress( which part of a sentence can be more heavily stressed), sounds in connected speech( how to link the sounds unitedly in a sentence),and finally in intonation(how our vowelize build ups and falls at a certain point of the sentence).From my own take care as a teacher in a secondary school, most students begin potential pronunciation problems when they speak English. They have problem with stress and intonation that they unable to put the rightly emphasis on the right part of the word. Also they have problems with vowels aeroembolism and consonants blends as well. For example, sounds likeea and ou can be confusing them because when they listen to the audio recordings, it can be very difficult for them to pick up the subtle blends of ii or more vowels. Additionally, In consonants blends, they have problem with th sound because they be not accustomed to putting t and h together to form th sound to re upgrade.It is clear that pronunciation is so difficult to learn. The first language of most overseas students effect on learning the second language.Problems that face Asian students in English pronunciationMost Asian adult students work and study hard to become very fluent in English. However, on that point are many different varieties of spoken English and non-native students ma y have achieved fluency such as shrewd correct grammar and knowing a large numbers of vocabulary especially when they have been taught by non-native speakers but they have a non-standard accent which deem the use of English difficult for native speakers of English to understand.VowelsCelce-Murcia, Brinton and Goodwin (1996) states in that respect are different types of vowel sounds in English pronunciation. Firstly, received pronunciation. It has twelve monophthongs (single or pure vowels).Secondly, eight diphthongs (double vowels) and ii thriphthongs (triple vowels).therefore, some of in Asian students like Arabices , Nipponese and Chinese have fewer vowels in their first Language which lead to have problems with hearing and pronouncing these distinctions of vowel sounds. For example, Japanese language has only 5 vowels /i/,/e/,/a/,//,/o/.According to, Kenworthy(1987) there are five vowels letter which are (a, e, i, o, u) .They map to 13 different sounds. For instance, the let ter is pronounced differently in the words boat, boot, out and hot. This is one of the problems that encountered by Asian adult students in pronunciation subject. They have problem with the /a/ sound (e.g. at) because it is not easy for them to hear and pronounce this sound. Also, they could not differentiate between the long sound/a/ and the sound/e/ (e.g. paper-pepper).They also have problems in differentiating between the long/e/ and the terse /i/ (e.g. eat-it).Furthermore, diphthongs in English are difficult to learn and by all odds tribal markers in English. .They are also very easy for native speakers of English to identify but not easy for non-native speakers of English. So, speech sounds which define a slide from one vowel to an another(prenominal) is the biggest problem which face Asian adult students when they speak English. For example, theou sound in the word out is a blend of /ah/ and /oo/. Several of diphthongs are quiet subtle .For instant(prenominal) the long /e e/ sound in the words feel and devotion is a blend of /ee/ and /ah/ as (fee-ah). Celce-Murcia , Brinton and Goodwin ( 1996 )ConsonantsKota(2006) stats that English consonants are less difficult than vowels. Most languages have the sounds which are represented by the earn d, t, s, and z .Nevertheless, some languages do not use certain consonants which can be difficult for non-native speakers of English. For examples, the r and l sounds are not used by Japanese and Korean native speakers. Then, the so- called ra-la distinction is especially difficult for them. They have also difficulty to distinguish between /b/ and /v/ sounds. The /th/ sound is not simply to use it in the nave language. It can be difficult for Vietnamese students. Therefore, they substitue a /zh/ instead of /th/ as in/zh/ese problems may be caused by pollution.Also, he adds that there are more consonants in English than in Japanese language .Therefore, the /f/, /v/ /o/, A/, /s/,/3/,/ts/,/d3/ do not exist in the Jap anese consonantal system.In addition, Munro((1993) states that some Arabic language do not make use of separate sounds for /b/ and/p/.then, they have difficulty to distinguishing and pronouncing b and p sounds as in do not bark while I park the van. The variety is quite subtle. They may confuse z withj .These problems cause misunderstanding by native English speakers when they communicate with each otherFrom my own experience as a Libyan student at Leicester University in the UK, I had a car accident in university road because the weather was slippery and snowing which cause that the brake of my car was out of the control. later on that the law came to me and asked me some questions about the accident. I said to him I feel slippery. The problem here, the police wrote in the report driver feel sound asleep(predicate) but he did not write what I said I feel slippery .I think that was a misunderstanding between the police and me because of my language. He misunderstand me because of his linguistic constraints curiously his heavily -accented English.Other problems which face Asian adult students, is gloamping medical stopped consonants. Some of them tend o drop stopped consonants such as, sounds /p/ and /k/ from the heart and soul of poly syllabic words. For example, Chinese students tend to drop the difficult c from the word of success. They say/ suhsess/.Also, some native speaker of English pronounce the word accessory as/ assess or ee/ instead of/ ack-sess-or-ee/.(Dalton,1994)Syllable twistAccording to Joanna Heather (2003), English allows for in syllable structure a cluster of up to three consonants before the vowel and four consonants after the vowel as in the words straw and glimpsed. Therefore, the structure of syllabus cause issues for speakers of many languages. For instance, Japanese students usually try to in between the consonants (e.g. desk-/desks/) becomes desukusu or in the word milk shake / mIlk eIk/ becomes mirukushku.Kota(2006) there a re two types of syllable in English which are open syllables( CV) and closed syllables( CCCVCC).On the other hand, Japanese only permit one type of syllable which is open syllable. For example, vocalize meaning syllableKe hair CVKare boyfriend CVCVSo, Words in Japanese do not end with consonants and it Japanese does not allow two initial and final consonants.Knowles (1987) maintains that some Asian students who first languages end in vowels, they often tend to make all English words end in vowels. For example, they pronounce the word make as /meIk / instead of/ meIk/. Also, they some snips find it is so complicated when native speakers of English may drop consonants in the more complex blends (e.g. the word months, they say /mns/ instead of / mnos/.Rhythm and CadenceBrown (2001 121) pointed out that cadence is the pattern of stresses within a sentence and rhythm refers to the amount syllabus. If each one were marked by tapping fingers on a desk rat a-tat-tat-tat TAT of this. He ad ds that the main issue that trips up Asian adult students that British English are stress timed whereas most Asian languages are syllable timed. Stressed syllables are roughly equidistant in time and they like the sound of the mechanical tat-tat-tat-tat of gun machine with equal length to each syllable. However, native English speakers stretch syllables at the same time like putting emphasis on some syllables and not others. For instance,hi. wonderful to see u a agnize .They say this sentence like this hiiiii woooood fl to seeeeeee yu agaiaiainn. This mean, won- see- gain is both emphasized and lengthened but other syllabuses in the sentence are so lightly and shortened spoken.According to Kota (2006), stress time in English is one of the problem that encounter Asian students particularly for Singaporeans students. They speak in the way which is very difficult for English speakers to understand. inflectionRoach, (2002 50) defines intonation as the rising or fall fork over of the voice while pronouncing words or syllables. He believes that intonation enables speakers to express their emotions and attitudes when they speak. The most problematic area of pronunciation for most Asian students is intonation. They find it passing difficult to hear tunes or identify the different patterns of rising and falling tones. Therefore, some Asian languages have less pitch variation than English especially Japanese language.They use pith changes to mark stress on the word level which result the so-called monotonous intonation. Wong(1987) suggests that English as a tonal language(not using tones).We can understand the words in isolation but if we put them together in sentences, the meaning of the sentence may change by a shift in tone. For example, are you going to the library?(low-then-high on word library) but if u wondered which of two persons agreed to get the list of books, the same words would have a different emphasis Are you going to the library?, and the tone fo r you would be rather deep which is different from the first question.Jack and Willy (2002) give away other problems in English pronunciation .Firstly, difference between spelling and sounds. There are lots of words in English language which have silent earn. Therefore, most Asian students specifically Pakistani students pronounce these silent letters unknowingly which make them mispronouncethe words. For example, knowledge, kneel .These two word have k silent letter which they should not pronounce it at all. Secondly, multiple sounds of the same letters are also one of the issues that encounter Asian adult students. This mean there are many letters and combinations of letters which flummox numerous sounds at different place. For instance, the letter c produces two sounds like s and k (e.g. circle, car) and also ch letter produce three sounds as ch,k andsh.Factors affecting the English pronunciation of Asian studentsThe effect of native languageEvery language in the world has dif ferent accent and varsities is true that non native speakers speak the target language in a different way. Sometimes, they speak highly different than native speakers of English do. Avery Ehrlich (19879) calls the foreign accent the nature of which is determined to a large encompassing by a learners native language. Then, native language of speaker may make up ones mind on the pronunciation of the target language. Jack and Willy(2002 184) states that the way we speak is a part of our identity ,that is, phonemic differences between language cause, a target language which will be spoken with a foreign language. Some Asian students specifically Turkish adult students have difficulty in some English sounds or words that are not exist in their first language. For example, the sounds// and / / are not exist in Turkish language which lead Turkish students to face difficulty to pronounce these sounds when they speak English. So they produce these sounds under the order of their first lan guage. Then, the influence of native language is inevitable.The factor of ageThis is the most important factor in learning English pronunciation. If someone wants to pronounce a foreign language with a native like accent, he/she should start to learn it during his/her childhood. For example, children who start learn English language in foreign language speaking people environment. As a result, they have more value than the children who learn the second language intheir motherlands. Krashen (1988) mentions that people who expose their second language during childhood, they achieve higher foreign language proficiency than those who stolon as adults. It seems that age is the main factor which effect on adults English pronunciation. They are difficult for them to learn English language after puberty. Therefore, it is break up to learning it in short run and should be started in puberty.phonetic AbilityAccording to Jack and Willy (2002) pointed out that some people who have a good ear , they have the ability to discriminate between the two sounds accurately. So, learners phonetics ability affects the development of their pronunciation. Kenworthy(1987) believes that the influence of age is an efficient factor for phonetics ability. Because it is so difficult for adult students to have more ability in pronunciation than immigrants children who start their learning process in a second language speaking environment.The Amount ExposureMany non native speakers have not opportunity to practice the English language in their motherlands. English also do not only used in the class way of life. If the learners live in an English- speaking country, the learners will have opportunities to listen and speak with native speakers of English. Conversely, there will no advantage for learners if they live in a non English speaking country. Kenworthy (1987) insists that exposure can be a contributory factor but it is not necessary factor for developing adult learners pronunciation. L earners should make use of it is opportunities, if they are aware of the necessity of being exposed to the second language. If the learners do that, they will be more successful in geek of improving their pronunciation.Personality and AttitudeThis factor affect the pronunciation of most Asian adult students in a bad way if the learners have negative attitudes for the English environment .learners or they are introverted students. From my own experience as a student in the UK, I am one of the students who are introverted or shy. Therefore, I usually do not take part in classroom activities seminars and tutorials .Whereas extrovert students have more chance to amend their pronunciation. Brown (2001) states attitude of the students toward the new language have an effective role in pronunciation learning. Also, if the learners have a good attitude for the target culture, they can develop their pronunciation accurately. If the learners have some prejudices on the second language and i ts society, this event will influence their approach to the language.It is clear that these above factors are effective in the learners pronunciation and also exert much influence on the adult learners. So, teachers depend a significant role for helping adult learners to develop their English pronunciation. Also, they should pay attention to the students concern for pronunciation because they are not aware of the way that they speech. Therefore there are lots of methods and types of teaching English pronunciation which help Asian adult students to overcome the difficulties of it. They will also help them to acquire an accurate pronunciation and improve their speech.Solutions to surmount the difficulties of mispronunciation among Asian adult students-Teaching pronunciation-JigsawPennington (1996) maintains that jigsaw is a form of information gap. Students work in pairs or small group to deputise their information. They try to combine words with each other to create sentences. Thes e sentences live of words that the learners have difficulty to pronounce these words. For example, in the word rise which has the letters s that they must pronounce it as z and producing /raIz/ e.g. I was surprised that the raisings riseB-Tongue TwisterThis kind of activity helps adult Asian students to say difficult words and phrases so quickly. Celce-Murcia (198755) stress that there is a little transfer from practice to natural information. But, if it is needed and necessary, they can be used.Example Paul piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.2-Drilling TechniquesThere are lots of drills which helps adult Asian students to improve their English pronunciation. They are very useful for teaching the correct pronunciation of the words and sentences.A- strength drillWong (1987) proposed it is vey suitable for all position of the problematic sound. For instance, the sound /s/ as a problem sound. It can be drilled in its three positionsInitial media finalSee leasing peaceSeem clinic gripSubstitution drillDalton (1994) says that this drill can be applied by substituting any sound instead of other sound. For instance,/t/ sound instead of // and /d/ in place of //( e.g. this is thin/tin.)It is clear that there are other ways helps learners to overcome difficulties of pronunciation .First, media which give to the students controlling advantage especially when they watch standard English news line of reasoning like BBC. Second, is practice. Students should practise English with native speaker or non native speakers of English to improve their English speakingConclusionTo sum up, teaching pronunciation is one of the important areas of foreign language teaching. Most overseas students especially Asian adult students encounter troubles when they try to communicate with native speakers of English. Then, communication should be the primary purpose of language learning and teaching. angiotensin converting enzyme crucial part of effective communication for Asian adult students to grok is comfortably intelligible pronunciation. They have certain difficulties such as produce correct sound and recognition of English sounds, understanding of stress and intonation, difference between spelling and sounds and other problems. Therefore, it should be studied in the archean age (from puberty) to eliminate these problems and also to overcome the negative influence from the first language interference. Teachers must be a ware of the techniques which help students improve their pronunciation according to their age, ability, needs, attitudes and expectations.Count words (3200)Classroom Implications concomitant IGenerally, pronunciation is really complicated process in foreign language teaching. There are some of sounds which have similar sounds but have different meanings. This can be causing much confusion to the learners. Therefore, most ESL students have problem with English pronunciation when they speak English. From my own experience as a teacher in Lib yan secondary school, I used several ways to teach pronunciation which can be benefit all learners. Firstly, introducing phonemes .because the biggest problem that faces them is the distinguage between sounds. For example, in the words fat, mat, cat, sat, the letters /f/, /m/, /c/, /s/ are the phonemes which are the beginning letters of these words. Phoneme makes the distinct difference between similar words. After that, students listen and arrogate these different sounds and then identify them. For the best result, I introduce phoneme in pairs. (e.g. the /f/ and/v/ sounds).They listen and speak them and also repeat simple words like( fat-vat)Secondly, practicing phonemes for making the sound accurately. I drew pronunciation diagrams on the blackboard because they help them to know how to hold the tongue and lips. For example, the sound /th/ in the word this and thank.Anxiety is usually common among students when they topple pronunciation. Then, I usually use some verbal games su ch as, handclap rhythms and deal charts which can help them to improve their speaking and relieve much of pressure.Appendix IIStudents listen to audio recordings and they practice what they hear because recordings get them attuned to stress, intonation, pitch and phonological distinctions. For exampleListen and say what word you hear is it from tower (a) or column (b)? Some words are unusual.Appendix terzettoWord stress and intonationListen and mark the stressed syllable.Daughter- orbit-planet- computer- meaning- handle-homework- hospital derision.2-Read these sentences and mark the pauses with / and mark the intonation pattern with and .People who look different from others in some way are interesting.The one who looks bored is my sister.The up-to-the-minute design, with CD player is very expensive.A tidy, conventionally decorated room with everything in its place is boring.

Early History Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

Early History Of unexclusive wellness Health And Social criminal maintenance EssayContemporary human race wellness has evolved through various historic stages. Its bob upment as a discipline has been shaped throughout umpteen eld from the ancient times to the present day and variant pioneers from different countries tremendously contri neverthelessed to its historical evolution. yetmore, universe wellness evolution has been marked by several changes since its inception and these changes were influenced by the impertinentlyly true ideas and scientific evidences for the tendency of improving the wellness of the existence (Porter, 1994).The essay here, in its runner fictional character, result attempt to discuss in more details the most eventful changes that populace wellness has undergone in the course of its evolution and why these changes occurred.In the second part, the explicit meaning of essential components of macrocosm health giveing be discussed and the mood these should be achieved will be proposed throughout.MOST fundamental CHANGES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND REASONS FOR THESE CHANGESThroughout human lead history, health problems lose existed and deport been concerned mainly with f numberrnity well-being. well-nigh of these health problems were mostly endeavord by communicable sicknesss related to short tangible environment, insufficiency supply of wet and viands of good quality and poor provision of medical c atomic number 18. Interventions to cope with the preceding(prenominal) health issues have changed oer time but closely linked and this led to what is cognize straightaway as modern exoteric health (Rosen, 1993, p.1).1.1. Early history of ordinary healthAvailable literature demonstrates that there be evidences of activities associated with the improvement of community of interests health that have existed from the ancient times. Rosen (19931) outlines that, in the north India any(prenominal) 4000 years ago, archaeological findings have shown that there has been a developed urban preparation system with great sanitation and housing. He further adds that an former(a)wise(prenominal) evidences have shown, in other Asian countries, that the same system was largely developed mostly in Egypt to mention but a few.Apart from the above earliest learning, humankind health proceed its evolution over the centuries pioneered by several authors among them Hippocrates. This honored Greek physician, also known as the perplex of medicine because of his commendable contribution on the practice of medical moral philosophy for physicians demonstrated how proper diet, fresh air, a moderate climate and caution to livelihoodstyle and living conditions were important for healthy living (Schneider Lilienfeld, 20085).Later on, other societies inspired by the Greek civilisation, as it is the case for the Romans, continued to develop water and sanitation infrastructure and healthc ar system. Schneider and Lilienfeld, (20085) report that, further to the public health systems that were just introduced, Romans put in place governmental b olderness systems to overseeing the initiated changes. However, these ahead of time public health initiatives did non benefit all the population vulnerable groups like slaves and those living in mendicancy did not have access to the safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and incessantly suffered high rate of sicknesss as it is now noted in near parts of the world (Schneider Lilienfeld, 20085).1.2. Middle AgesAfter these early development of public health, came the Medieval Ages (500-1500 A.D.) that were characterised by a regrets of the Greco-Roman powers due to decline from within and invasions from outside that destroyed public health infrastructure(Rosen,199326).During this result, health problems were fantasy to be having spiritual causes and the remedy as well. This belief was shared by both pagans and Christi ans. It was believed, for Christians, that there was a link amongst sin and the detail of disease and the latter was considered to be a punishment (Rosen, 199326). Biological and physiological environment as the main factors in transmissible disease author were ignored and this was the main implication of the spiritualism during this era and as a result it was difficult to control the epidemics that erupted leaving millions of people dead and others scummy from their sequels (International Health Sciences University, 2012).Rosen (199335) states that the 2 devastating epidemics that may be considered which prevailed during this time are the Plague of Justinian and the Black Death in 543 and 1348 respectively. Moreover, other outbreaks between the above 2 dates ravaged Europe and other regions around Mediterranean sea notably but not exhaustively leprosy, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, and scabies. Causes of these epidemics were not identified moreover but it was thought that poor living conditions were highly associated.After these hideous epidemics occurrence, various measures were put in place in Europe cities to tug against them and consequently improve public health. Establishment of butcheries and polity about stock certificate possession, regulation of food at public market, food preservation and garbage disposal are the measures that proved to be effective in preventing disease transmission from animals to people or between people. Additionally, food preservation regulation dramaed a key role in saloon of food borne diseases from damaged and expired food (International Health Sciences University, 2011).1.3. Renaissance EraThe development of public health did not stop in Middle Ages. The followed period of renaissance (1500-1700 of Christian era) was marked by a rejection of older theories. However, the old theories helped in developing smart ones. Spiritual theory about the cause of disease started to be doubtful as epidemics killed both sinners and saints. Environmental factors were reveal to be the leading cause in the development of infectious diseases. Further critical observations of sick people, signs and symptoms they presented have shown that various illnesses were distinctly separate (International Health Sciences University, 2012).It is worth to note that, during renaissance era, various authors brought new discoveries in the development of public health. Rosen (1993) reported that the Italian Giolamo Fracastoro brought in the theory of contagion where he showed the role of microorganisms in infectious diseases development and the way the communicable diseases are transmitted. The Dutchman Anton von Leeuwenhoek, the inventor of micro mount, was the first man to confirm that the theory Giolamo Fracastoro developed was plausibly true after his observation of microbes agents.Indeed, the contribution of other authors (Petty, John Graunt and Gottfried Achenwall) in this important era of public he alth evolution was significant. They introduced the concept of mensuration in public health to quantify health problems like calculations of mortality rate, life expectancy and fertility (Rosen, 1993).Despite this new era of rethinking and developing new ideas about public health, some diseases like malaria, smallpox and plague continued ravaging and killing many people in some European countries. Also, travels and movements between urban and rural areas dominated this era, explaining the spread of these illnesses to other areas cause suffering to their inhabitants.1.4. The skill epochThis is the period from 1750 to mid-nineteenth century (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002).The enlightenment era is considered to be the era where public health discipline has known tremendous progress. Rosen (1993) states that enlightenment era was seen as pivotal in the development of public health.Industrial development was the main turning point during this era. Likewise, brotherly and poli tical development has remarkably had a great impact on societal transformation and the knowledge about the way communicable diseases are spread has increasely improved. (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002).Despite the remarkable changes, it is stated that health conditions were still demanding due to the great number of people moving towards industrial areas in the cities, poor sanitation system and insufficiency in scavenge water supply. Additionally, working conditions were not conducive for those mainly working in mines and factories. All of these factors largely contributed to the spread of diseases (Rosen, 1993).In England, Edwin Chadwick demonstrated the reality of meagreness disease cycle and attempted to measure the association between poverty and disease. Also, Chadwick linked the disease with environmental factors. His report The Report of a usual Plan for the Promotion of Public and Personal Health (1850) attracted attention and is considered by many as one of the imp ortant documents of modern public health (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002).Chadwicks evidences were later proved by John Snows work during the known 1848 London cholera outbreak where he identified that the contamination of water pump was the probable origin of the epidemic (International Health Sciences University, 2012).Towards 19th century, new discoveries in bacteriology emerged. The great work of the Frenchman Luis Pasteur collaboratively with other scientists showed that micro-organisms were responsible of diseases occurrence and so proving to be false the theory of spontaneous generation developed onwards henceforth the germ theory was born. Later on, the Germany Robert Koch proved that one micro-organism causes limited(prenominal) disease (International Health Sciences University, 2012).Following these remarkable findings, some medicaments were developed including some disinfectants which became popular in medical practice and as a result, mortality and morbidity ra tes declined significantly. Additionally, the identification of microbes as causative agents of diseases resulted in an plaque of immunology as a science and subsequently the vaccines were developed (International Health Sciences University, 2012).1.5. twentieth CenturyEarly on, decrease in mortality and morbidity rate was significant following the bacteriology egression in later 19th Century. On the other hand, serious health problems did not disappear infant mortality among others. It is reported that, for the time being, in Europe and in the United shows of the States health programs for improving maternal and child health were developed (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002).Academic programs in public health were developed, given the growing scope and complexity of public health problems, to deal with research issues and to train public health personnel. Health organisations agencies and charities were established in tackling public health concerns for particular groups of po pulation (Rosen, 1993).Later on in twentieth century, expansion of public health roles continued and its horizon broadened. However, 1920s and early 1930s proverb a slow development of public health. There was a decline in disease prevalence as a result of psychiatric hospital of sanitary measures.In the aftermath of World War II, there was an increasing growth of health infrastructure in the curative field but little attention was paid to planning1960s and early mid-seventies marked what was named period of societal engineering. The main characteristic of this period was the frugal growth chiefly in the United States of America but part of the population were medically uncovered (International Health Sciences University, 2012).Later 1970s to 1980s, health promotion initiatives, eradication of certain diseases that ravaged the world before and the emergence of new infectious disease were making headlines. Encyclopedia of public health (2002) states that the emergence of Human I mmunodeficiency Virus infection, use of addictive drugs and air taint were the main preoccupations of World Health Organisation and other international agencies. findingAs a final point, it is obvious that public health as a discipline has its own history which evolved over time from the early history of human race till today. The focus of public health enlarged as time advanced as health problems.At the same time, the future of public health will be and will remain of an utmost importance in solving populations health where everyone is invited to play his/her spry role.MEANING OF ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH COMPONENTS AND THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE ACHIEVED2.1. Collective responsibility for health and the major role of the state in protecting and promoting healthHealth sector is the main sector that deals with the health of populations. However, this does not mean that its activities are the just concerned with the promotion of community health.World Health Organisation (2013) states th at the health of populations is determined not only by the health sector but also by social and economic factors, and henceforth, policies and other actions other than of those of health sector. In developing health policies, governments should work collaboratively with other sectors involved in development process such as finance, education, agriculture, environment, housing and transport to see how their planning can pip their objectives while also improving health. Also, this intersectoral partnership helps in tackling other health related issues such as those activities that pollute environment or bring forward those activities aimed at having access to quality education or gender equality.2.2. center on on the whole populationPublic health activities are intend to promote the health of the whole population rather than individuals health. According to Riegelman (2010) the first thing to come to mind, in public health, is the health of the community and the indian lodge in g eneral. Indeed, in public health the activities to improve the health are no longer individual-centered but rather population-centered.To achieve this, collaboration between all development sectors is needed given the wide view of public health. The inter-group communication of all development actors is seen as a comprehensive way of thinking about the scope of public health and it is an evidence-based approach for the abbreviation of health determinants and illnesses. This leads to evidence-based interventions to protect and improve health (Riegelman, 2010).2.3. Emphasis upon ginmill cake constitutes a key component of public health practice. It has been said that prevention is better than cure this statement shows how much prevention activities are of a paramount importance in public health. Health promotion and disease prevention activities play a key role in tackling health problems that the community faces which, in many cases, are preventable (World Health Organisation, 200 2).Strategies for prevention that aim to alleviate the risk factors by promoting healthy behaviours and reducing spartan exposures need a collaboration between government and different stakeholders and participating participation of the population(World Health Organisation,2002).2.4. Recognizing underlying socio-economic determinants of health and diseaseSocioeconomic determinants with other determinants of health (biological, environment, culture, personal behaviour, living and working conditions) mostly influence the health status of population. Further, these health determinants may interact with other factors for better or worse.Importantly, socioeconomic factors are thought to be major determinants of health. Washington State incision of Health (2007) reports that Health impacts associated with lower socioeconomic position store and persist throughout the lifespan.The partnership between public health professionals, community, nongovernmental organisations and governmental institutions is a major force to fix this issue (Washington State Department of Health, 2007).2.5. Partnership with the population servedThe collaboration with the community in addressing health issues is a core part of health promotion activities. Declaration of Alma Ata (1978) claims that the maximum involvement of community and individual self-reliance and the active participation in planning, organisation, military operation and control of primary healthcare are the basis of success in health promotional activities. Therefore, policies, strategies and plan of action should be established by the government to ensure that primary healthcare is launched and sustained as a core part of health system in partnership with other sectors.2.6. Multidisciplinary basisMultidisciplinary feature of public health is unquestionable. According to Tzenalis Sotiriadou (201050), the engagement of various stakeholders in the task of improving health of population shows that promoting health does n ot belong to one group of professionals or sector of health services.The articulatio action from various professional groups at every level is reported to be effective and recommended in providing health promotion services (Solheim, computer memory Kimm 2007 cited in Tzenalis Sotiriadou, 2010).ConclusionAltogether, the above described core components of modern public demonstrate how much wide the discipline of public health is. The active participation of all involved stakeholders is the key towards the success of public health practice.

Ecological Systems Theory, Urie Brofenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory, Urie BrofenbrennerThe bionomic systems guess of human development is proposed by Urie Brofenbrenner, a Russian American psychologist. In this speculation, he stated that eitherthing in a tike and kindredwise the environ surround can regard the electric razor development (Oswalt, 2008). He likewise developed this surmise to comprehend the relationship between the minor, the family, t separatelyers, and the society (Growth and maturement Theory, 2013). This ecological systems theory is divided into few different takes which are micro system, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. The first level is micro system which is the sm solely immediate environment that is directly connected to the pincer (Sincero, 2012). As an example, a infant has the enveloping(prenominal) relationship with his fires and family which also can warp the childs development mentally or physically. The relationship between the child and the teachers, fr iends or also neighbours is also considered to be in the micro system.Next, mesosystem includes the action between two microsystems such as the relation between the childs home and the civilise (Growth and Development Theory, 2013). Exosystem is the level which includes opposite pot and also places that whitethorn render no direct interaction with the child but still come upons the childs development like his parents workplace, the neighbourhood or even the extended family members (Oswalt, 2008). Macrosystem is a larger level consists of the cultural contexts like ethnicity or other put to works such as economic influences and cultural influences (Sincero, 2012). all(prenominal) environmental event and transitions occur in an individuals purport history is included in the chronosystem (Sincero, 2012). The events such as marriage, divorce or others that can shanghai someones life are the examples of this system.1.2 How does Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory p rofess the child development?As I have already explained before about this ecological systems theory by Brofenbrenner in the previous page, this theory can actually fall the child development. According to Doll-Yogerst (2011), this model of the ecological systems recognizes that a childs development is touch by the settings and also affects the surrounding in which he spends his succession every day. The relationship of the child and the microsystem can also try impact in twain directions which is being called as bi-directional influences (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). For example, a childs parents whitethorn affect his conduct or belief but he can also affect his parents behaviour or belief. Particularly, his family is the most essential setting beca wasting disease he spends his time mainly with the family and it has the most influence on him especially the emotion (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). This detail shows that a childs development is influenced the most by his family, if one of his pa rents is working as a doctor and he understands it as doctors are good people since they suffice others, it may bursts him the idea to be just like his parent in the future.There are also other important settings that may influence the childs development such as his extended family, teachers, peers, child deal centre, school, and preschool or kindergarten (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). These settings are directly interacting with the child because he go away pass his teachers when he is at the school, or playing with his peers in the neighbourhood. The childs development is found on how he experiences while spending time in all these settings (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). It is can be seen in the situation where the child may have stumbled upon a bad experience while playing at the playground that forget probably make him to avoid playing at the playground any more or even good experiences he has that go out affect his development.Other than that, a child involves in many microsystems (Bro nfenbrenners Microsystems, n.d.). Each of the microsystem interacts with each other which also can be called as mesosystem. The number of shade interactions between settings also has important implications for a childs development (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). For instance, the parents and the teachers at school are both considered as microsystem from the childs point of view. These two microsystems will interact with each other in such situation like parents-teachers convention that usually being held in school. The child probably acts differently in school than at home since he is surrounded by his peers. If the child is having any difficulties or problems at school, the teacher will tell the problems to his parents so that they will acknowledge how their child is doing at school. This interaction between both parties is important that will reflect on the childs development.The other external environments that may have indirect connection with the child but still give huge impacts on hi m are included in the exosystem level (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). This exosystem level is when the settings that may be unknown to the child for example the parents workplace or colleagues will affect his growth. It can be exemplified in the situation when the parents sexual climax back home with the stress that they get at their workplaces that will influence the childs thoughts (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). Besides that, the g all overnment, the economical factors, the mass media can also affect the childs development. For instance, the child is influenced by the animation series on television that leads him to follow what the characters are doing. The largest system in this theory is the macrosystem which consists of the most remote of people and things to a child nevertheless still has a great influence for the child (Oswalt, 2008). This includes cultural values, customs and laws (Ecological Systems Theory, n.d.). As an example, the child has been raised by pursuance the national laws that drugs are illegal or murder is a law-breaking that will make him obey and acknowledge which is wrong and which is right. The events that happen during the transitions over a lifetime are called chronosytem, which means everything happens in a childs life while he is growing up that may changes his perception.1.3 How does Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory apply children in preschool and other(a) primary levels.The ecological systems theory is somehow applied to the children in preschool and early primary levels. Horowitz-Degan claims that the childs behaviour can be analyzed by using the environmental influences, as well as the cognitive factors (as cited in Bronfenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). This situation can be seen in preschool or primary school, where the class acts as the microsystem that will give influences to the child. As an example, if a teacher walks into a classroom brightly, it will automatically sets up the way of the classroom to be warm and friendly w hich will positively affect the childs cognitive sphere of influence then next encourage the work on of learning (Van-Petegem, Creemers, Rossel, and Aelterman, 2005). For instance, a teacher teaches the students excitedly and happily in the classroom, the students will have more interest to listen to the teacher because they have been influenced by the positive vibes from their teacher. In addition, Van-Petegem defines that the teachers behaviour can also affect the students and can be a model for the consideration of the feelings of others and the value of interactions (as cited in Bronfenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). This shows that this ecological systems theory gives effect on the childs kindly development in mircosystem which also can be increased through the encouragement addicted by the teacher.Furthermore, in the preschool centres or primary schools, there will be a playtime provided that will develop the tug skills development in the children (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n .d.). Activities such as creating craft, indoor arts like drawing, colouring or painting can also help in the growth of the students motor skills. While in the classroom, the students will be given the opportunity to pronounce up their opinions that may give influence to the other students who are hearing to the opinions and it will help them in the intellectual development. This is because the students will start intellection about the opinions and try to relate to the knowledge that they already have. If there is an assembly line happen in the class, the students will try to convey their thoughts to the teacher that will also give a huge impact to them intellectually since they use their minds to counter the argument. Besides, the issues associated with the adults who are involved in the effect of the childs microsystem despite of the child have no direct connection to the exosystem (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). If the parents are having problems at the workplace, it will influence the child at home. Parents may be spend more time on solving their work issues that probably make the child feels that he is being ignored which affects his emotional development. The development of children will also be affected in the macrosystem even though it is the largest layer of ecological systems theory (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). In this level, the child is influenced by the cultural values that give impact on the social development.1.4 Summary of Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory.To sum up, the ecological systems theory by Urie Brofenbrenner does apply to child development including the children in preschool and early primary levels. This theory helps the children in intellectual development, emotional development and especially, the social development. Each of the levels in the ecological systems model, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem, interact with each other to help the childs development. As adults, we nee d to observe how the child is growing and we need to rise in mind that everything in a childs surrounding has the probability to influence their growth. Parents should be more concern about their childs microsystem in school and deadwood more time communication with them and not only focusing on work or career.

Self Esteem Interventions for Adolescents

egotism Esteem Interventions for AdolescentsCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONYou cannot admirer men permanently by doing for themwhat they could should do for themselvesAbraham LincolnAdolescence is retrieved from Latin word adolescere which nub to grow up. Total of 1.2 billion teens pass across the percent era stopover between childhood and the adulthood around the world. Knowledge and Proficiency captured by youngrs have valuable implications for their step-up. (Mary.C.Townsend,2010)Age convocation of teenagers is defined by many another(prenominal) programmes. accord to WHO, adolescence is defined as the period in human growth and development that perishs after childhood and before adulthood from the hop ons of 10 to19. According to Erik Eriksons stages of human development, an insubstantials age free radical between 13-19 days, Draft Youth Policy defined as the age group between 13-19 years ICDS programme considered the age group of jejune is 11-18 years Internationally , the age group of adolescent is 10-19 years. (Carol, Bf,2000)UNICEF categorizes adolescence period in three take aims premature adolescents (10-13 years of age), middle adolescents(14-16), late adolescents (17-19). It is a hassle period packed with major variations in fleshly growth, hinge uponuality, cognitions, emotions and relate with others. It is a period of unearthing of ego and relate to the world around the one-on-one. (Stanton, B.F)The sudden and rapid physical changes that occur to make adolescents to aw ar of one(a) egotism, very sensitive and concern almost their luggage compartment changes. It makes the adolescent to feel inferior while compargond with others. It ca go fors the adolescents have Self hatredness and ban contacts to the highest degree themselves. The alternative component for self-importance-importance-importance-importance hatredness is self reliance or self mean. (Nangle, D.W,1993)Adolescents mental well cosmos self attentiveness can be interpreted as indicators of adaptive electropositive emotion is need for continuous developmental process in their behavior. Self Concept, Self Identity, Self Esteem self-assertingness are important developmental tasks for adolescents these are colligate to successful emotional regulation absence of mental distress. If these indicators are diminished among adolescents means it will end up with psychological problems like depression, suicide, alcohol drug abuse. ( Zaff, et al., 2007).Self esteem is the confidence in ones own worth or abilities and self confidence is a intuitive feeling of trust in their abilities. Appropriate aim of egotism insists the individual to feel honourable, enjoying their efforts and independently designate their desires (NASE, 2010). But self esteem changes can occur periodically. Self esteem level is declined at the age of 8-10 yrs. Self-esteem embraces the persons beliefs and emotions much(prenominal) as triumph, pride shame. It refers to the extremity to which an individual value themselves and has long been identified as an important prognosticator of adjustment to stress (Lauren,2012).There are many reason adolescents baron have low self-esteem such as doing poorly at school, problems with parents or friends emotional changes. It can lead a adolescents to engage in reckless activities and antisocial behaviours including Drug Abuse, Eating Disorder , Depression, Conduct Disorder, antagonism Suicide. deplorable-self-esteem is in any case associated with feelings of being shy, worthlessness, inept, futile, fragile and defective in nature. So they are affected by negative attitude and decline to recognize their potential, vexation about rebuke and take compliments negatively and are aquaphobic to take up their own responsibilities and fear of extracting their own opinion. (Coopersmith.S, 2005)(Gibby and Gibby, 1967) shows that the adolescents have the feeling of worthless means, it can end up with depr essing features and depression slackly inhibits the scholarly persons academic performance. As stated by Deborah L. Downs (1999) quite a slight who feel worthy, able and competent are more(prenominal) likely to come across their goals than those who feel worthless, impotent and incompetent. It also reveals that academic gain increases the level of self-esteem among adolescents. So the students level of self esteem will enkindle successful academic strivement. Similarly, poor academic performance will decline the adolescents self-esteem.So many problems are common among adolescents period. Many interventions are used to improve the adolescents well being self esteem. One of the intervention is bumptiousness training. Assertiveness is an exponent to express openly and directly, Judging their feelings and pinpointing their strengths and weakness give respect to self and others.Assertiveness comprises a multilateral aspects of human expression including behaviour, cognition , and affect. Behaviourally assertive persons are able to express their emotions, foster their goal and built favourable inter personalized relationships aptly time lag with both positive and negative emotional feelings. (Richard,F.R, 2008)Assertiveness Skill consists of ability to perform compatible and positive behaviour, make people to deal more efficiently with regular needs and tasks. The above skills contribute to development of adolescents mental health as well as physical health when encounter with realities of life and empowering them to perform beneficial activities for protecting self. (Fodor,I.G.1992)Assertiveness Skills include Assertive communication, interpersonal skill, self-conscious, emotional stability and coping skills. It is a solution for socio-psychological problems in a community like substance abuse, internal and social violence, child abuse, and suicide. It equips the individual to manage anger, aggressiveness, disappointment and step to transport to a chieve their personal goals without damage to others right. (Feti et al, 2006)Assertiveness training is intended to swear out the individual to change their self image, improve individuals assertive behaviour , convey the individuals appropriate emotions and to build self- confidence. The use of this training is to enhance adolescents self concept, lowered penance and alter self esteem. Positive consequences of this training among students are to increase self- possession, indecorum and rationality especially in the areas of personal and psychological health as well as sociable behaviours. (Jayne, et al 1983)Assertiveness training programmes are designed to increase an individuals assertive behaviour and self esteem. It helps an individual to restrict their negative view of oneself and also consecrate their self confidence. It is not a restorative practice, even though it aids to teach an individual on how to assert themselves despite the coercion and burden exist from the worl d. ( Stack,C Deville,J. 1983)Taylor et al., (2002) have explored that interconnectedness between assertiveness, self esteem and mental health among adolescence and have establish certain factors which impact assertive behaviour and self esteem. The factors are culture, self-esteem, psychological distress , depression, risk behaviour and gender. It also reveals that boys are having increased level of self esteem, assertiveness independency when compared to girls.NEED FOR STUDYThe world nation trends 2012 reveals that worlds adolescent population is 7.06 billion. India has the largest population of adolescents around the world. occurrent PopulationofIndiain 2012 is estimated to be 1.22 billion. Out of which 243 million individuals are in the age group of 10-19 years (UNICEF, 2012). Children may undergone decline in self esteem during teenage period which is a searing transition period for adolescents. Self esteem level is declined at the age of 8-10 yrs. Girls experience this decl ine in the age of group 12yrs whereas in teen boys, the decline of self esteem ordinarily embark on the age of 14. Adolescents with high self-esteem consider themselves as desirable and equal to other peers. Those who have low level of self esteem persistently experiences self-rejection, self-dissatisfaction and loathing for oneself. (Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, 2007)International diary of Research Development of Health estimated about the common adolescent problems related to low self esteem. It describes as followsEDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS Fear and concern about future career 85.6%Lack of concentration 46.7%Not getting superb marks 24.2%Parents are interpreted in career choice 23.4%psychological PROBLEMS Anxiety 44.3%Depression 26.4%Excess concern about physical carriage/IQ19.3%Day dreaming 23.2%Suicidal thoughts 10.3%National Report on secern of Self-Esteem, explained that low self-esteem is a major impact on adolescents life it invades every aspect of humans life including se lf image, performance in school and establish rapport with friends and family members. 75% of teen girls with low level of self-esteem narrated that they are engaged in negative activities such as intimidation, smoking, or alcohol abuse when feeling negative view about themselves. 25% of young girls with low level of self esteem engaged in risky behaviour such as injuring themselves , bullying and disordered eating.Most of the research studies proved that thither is a significant increase (72%) of body dysmorphia disorder among teenage boys. dead body Dysmorphic Disorder is a psychological problem, in which the affected individual is too worried about their physical structure. Adolescent boys may prone to over exercising, binge eating, eating disorder (anorexia nervosa bulimia) and drug abuse. It is described that about 45% of adolescents in western countries are unhappy with their physical structure. (Webster,H.M,1999)Covington (1989) reported that adolescent girls self-esteem i s lower than that of boys, and adolescence has been identified as a problematic period for low self-esteem also he cerebrate that there is a positive relationship exist between self esteem achievement score. Low self-esteem can be improved through many substances and that instruction can lead to bring out academic achievement. So adolescents efficiency to achieve personal goals have been found to have a major influencing factor on academic achievement.Low self-esteem can be a first endangering factor in psychological and emotional health problems such as suicide, depression, substance abuse, violent behaviour inappropriate social behaviours include arguing, defiant, or being brutal to others and being stubborn or irritable. One of the master(prenominal) factor in teen promiscuity is self-esteem. ( Beverley,K.M Donna,R.W , 1996 )When a adolescent has little or no self-confidence means the adolescents may use sex as a complimenting factor to improve their self confidence. Arou nd one million adolescent girls become pregnant per year throughout the world. Low self-esteem is a precursor to involve in premarital internal relationships its sensible for youngsters pregnancy. It concluded that self-esteem decreases, attitude towards sex become more permissive. These above mentioned factors may be a alternative indicators of low level of self esteem, meanwhile they represent upset emotional and mental health. (Chris,H.2010)So Adolescent period is a critical period to have low self esteem negative emotions about themselves. There are so many interventions were formulated to increase self esteem among adolescents. Assertiveness training is one of the skill to modify self hatredness , negative emotions low self esteem. (Michel, F.2008)Assertiveness training assists the individual to achieve fulfilment without exploit the rights of others. As a result, it is more convenient to help the students to enroll assertive behaviour and also it helps the students to fac e problems or criticism during their life. Assertiveness is a tool for expressing their opinion confidently and a way of saying yes or no in a pertinent way. An assertive individual impacts, pay attention, confers and express their opinion, willingness and desires without violating the rights of others.( Erogul, C.R, 2009)Assertiveness training can be an effective part of treatment for many conditions, such as Depression, hearty Phobia, Stress, Violent behavior and Substance Abuse. Assertiveness training can also improve the persons interpersonal skills and increased sense of self-respect. It is conceptualized as a highly structured behavioural component that promote the reversal of inhibiting behaviour with socially appropriate, expressive, and outgoing behaviour. The basic assumption is that every adolescent crews their basic human rights and the aim of the assertiveness training is to instruct the individual to raise up for their rights without encroaching the rights of others. (Power,F.C.2009)It helps the adolescents to,Formulate guidelines for improving assertive behavior. mitigate awareness about their emotional feelings to other peoples behavior. have direction to handle the aggressive behavior.Increase an efficiency to get their point across effectively whilst improve an understanding of others feelings. ( Cambell,N.2006 )The student researcher personally experienced many adolescent girls and boys having problems of low self esteem during her Life Skill Training Programme. For this reason, the student researcher conducts this postulate among adolescents and implements assertiveness training for improving their assertive behavior and level of self esteem

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teachers Te

My Educational PhilosophyPlato/Socrates and Rousseau piddle reverse major philosophical approaches. All these opinions are different compared to mine. Some are the same and more or less are different. I do agree with roughly of the philosophers points, but some I disagree with. My philosophical view relates to some of the philosophers views.First, Socrates (469-399 B.C.) view is on asking students repeatedly questions to make them re weigh what they believe. He wanted to help others find the truths that lie within their minds. His questions dealt with the nature of jazz or the good. He wanted to help his students develop guides to a spotless life. I agree with this to a certain degree. Helping students develop a guide to a virtuous life is good. Repeatedly asking students questions to the highest degree love or the good is not a good approach. I think students have take awayed as they live. You have to learn by means of what you go through. Live and learn is a good philos ophy. You have to think and learn before you react to something. Pushing a human to learn is not going to make them learn. Experience contributes to learning. It is a big naval division of learning. Thinking is also a big part. Plato is a philosopher whose view I partly agree with also. Plato believed that the human soul has three parts sense (reason), spirit (passion), and appetite (basic carnal desires). This was his philosophy on life. He is right. We have reason to figure it out. There is a reason for everything. There is a reason why everything happens the way it does. If there was no reason, what is the purpose for anything? olfactory property (passion) is also a true philosophy. Every human has the desire for passion. A hobby is a passion. A lover is a passion. Appetite (basic animal desires) ... ...em through it. The rules in the classroom are very important. There should be few and strict rules. If there were no rules, the instructors would get ran over by the student s. The children need to know their limits in the classroom. They need to know who is in control. Although I have disagreed with some of Rousseaus views, I agree with most of them. Rousseaus philosophies are primarily what I agree with most. He was a great philosopher and he leave al star follow me through my teaching career. I hope someday my shipway of teaching, how I go about it, and what I teach, will reflect someones life. I hope the students look at me as a great teacher and someday they will look back on me and say she taught me something I need to know for the rest of my life. I want to be one of the teachers who are looked back on. I plan to peruse my teaching career. I am very excited about it.